THE ART AND SCIENCE 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




DDOmaOHBDH 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

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Shelf... 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



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1 



THE 



ART AND SCIENCE 



OF 



STAIR BUILDING 



BY THE AUTHOR OF 

*^ Carpenters' and Builders' Assistant," "American 

Stair Builders' Guide." and "Steel 

Square Problems." 




\- ^ 



Ilhistrated by Thirty -six Engraved PlaJe^TT^^ 



^ ..,i[- i t 



V '^'^ 



JAN 26 1005- 



NEW YORK: S^^f WlkSHV^^ 

WILLIAM T . C O M S T O C K , 
6 Astor Place. 

1885. 



^//^SZy6 



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Copyright, 1884, by L. D. Gould. 




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L. J. HAROHAM, PRINTER. NEWARK. 



PREFACE. 

It has been the object of the author of this work, which 
he now presents to the public for their inspection, to reduce 
the art and science of Stair Building to the shortest and 
most simple system of lines which will reach the end 
desired. He has confidence in believing that it will be 
favorably received, and that the contents are the most valu- 
able and the price the lowest of any work which has been 
published. 



IPlate 1 





O D O O O 



SCALE 1 IN. — 1 FPOT 



STAIR BUILDING. 



PLATE L 



Fig. I . To describe a7i elliptical cu7've with a thread or cord 
and pencil. 

Draw the major and minor axis A B and C D, Fig. i. To 
find the points to place pins : From the point D as a centre, 
with S B or S A as a radius, describe arcs, cutting the major 
axis in the points 2 and 3 ; place pins in the points, and, by 
the use of thread or cord and pencil, describe the elipse 
required. Care should be taken to keep the thread or cord 
to an even tension. Suppose the curve to be the centre of a 
mould required for a hand-rail : Set off each way from the 
point D equal half the width of rail ; from the points draw 
parallel to D 2 and D 3, cutting the major axis in the points 
for pins to describe the outside and inside curves. 

To find the points for pins to describe a curve parallel to 
A C B : Set off from C to P equal B N ; from the point P 
as a centre, with S N as a radius, describe arcs cutting the 
major axis in the points 4 and 5 ; place pins and describe 
the curve required. 

Fig. 2 exhibits a plan and elevation of handrail at the 
starting. To find the easing and points to bore for balus- 
ters : Set up from 2 to 3 on the pitch-board, equal the differ- 
ence in the heights of newel post and short baluster ; square 
over for the newel cap ; mark from the pitch-board for the 
point to bore for baluster. 

To continue the height of rail at the starting to its termin- 
ation, care should be taken to measure the rise from the 
points to bore for balusters, as shown by the dotted lines, 
Fig. 3- 



3?late 2 




SCALE 1j IN. = 1 FOOT 



I 



STAIR BUILDING. 



PLATE II 



Exhibits rules for findijig the major axis of the elliptical 
curves^ the point of contact, and the length of curve required 
for the mould. Also, a practical rule for finding the vertical 
and horizontal lines to bevel the plank to form the wreath. 

To find the major axis of the elliptic curve for centre of 
mould : Set up from A to B equal the rise of rail from D to 
A ; from the point B draw the common pitch B C ; join B 
N and C S ; square up from L to P, equal A R. Then L B 
equals half the major, and L P equals half the minor axis of 
the elliptic curve required. 

To find the points for pins : From the point P as a centre, 
with L B as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis ifi 
2 and 3. By the use of thread or cord and pencil, describe 
the curve for centre of mould. 

To find the length of curve and point of contact : From 
the point L as a centre, with C B as a radius, describe an arc 
cutting the curve in H ; from the point H as a centre, with 
N B as a radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in J ; 
then J is the point of contact, and H J equals the length 
required. 

To find the direction of the straight rail : From the points 
H and J as centres, with S C and B C as radius, describe 
arcs cutting each other in F ; join H F and F J extended 
for the direction required. 

To find the vertical angles to bevel the plank : Fit a piece 
to the tangents R A and R D ; draw the pitch C B on the 
side R A, and the pitch C S on the side R D. Cut to the 
marks and apply the bevel as shown for the angles required. 

The above rules contain all the science required to con- 
struct handrails for any staircase that may be designed, by 
anyone that has acquired the use of tools. 



riate 3 




STAIR BUILDING. 



PLATE III 

Exhibits the plan for a platform stairs, where the radius of 
circle for the centre of rail equals half the width of step. 

To draw the elevation of the handrail, Fig. 2 : Square up 
from D to A and B equal two (2) risers ; place the pitch- 
board at A and B ; draw the common pitch A C and B C j 
drop a line from C parallel to B D ; then S L, Fig. i, equals- 
the radius of semicircle for the centre of rail on the plan. 

To draw the mould, Fig. 3 : Square up from A to D equal 
S L, Fig. I ; set off from A to B equal A C, Fig. 2 ; from 
the point D as a centre, with A B as a radius, describe an 
arc cutting the major axis in the points 2 and 3 ; place pins- 
in the points ; by the use of thread or cord and pencil, 
describe the centre curve ; set off each way from D equal 
half the width of rail ; from the points describe the outside 
and inside curves. The pitch-board equals the angle for the 
vertical cuts at the joint B. 

The rule applies to larger circles, by placing the risers half 
the width of step from the centre of rail. 



JPlate -4. 




SCALE 3 IN. = 1 FOOT 



STAIR BUILDING. II 



PLATE IV 



Exhibits the plan of a round rail^ on a four-inch cylinder at 
the landing. 

To find the length of curve required for the easing or 
wreath : Square up from A to B equal the riser ; from the 
centre of baluster, draw D E equal half the riser ; draw E C 
at right angles to E D ; join C S parallel to B A ; join S R, 
Fig. I, equal S A. Then A R equals the length of curve 
required. 

To find the vertical and horizontal sides of the wreath : 
Fit a piece to the tangents S A and S R, Fig. i ; draw the 
pitch B C, Fig. 2, on the side S A ; square over on the side 
S R ; cut to the marks ; apply the bevel to the sides for the 
angles required. 

To draw the mould, Fig. 3 : Square up from A to B, equal 
C A, Fig. I ; Set off from A to C and from B to 2 and 3, 
equal B S, Fig. 2 ; place pins in the points 2 and 3 ; by the 
use of thread or cord and pencil, describe the centre curve. 

To find the length of curve and the direction of straight 
rail : From the point C as a centre, with B P, Fig. 2, as a 
radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in D, the point 
required ; from the points D and C as centres, with S R, 
Fig. I, and B C, Fig. 2, as radii, describe arcs cutting 
each other in J ; draw C J and J D the direction required ; 
set off each way from C and D equal half the width of rail ; 
from the points, describe the outside and inside curves ; cut 
the joints at right angles to the tangents and face of plank. 



IPlate o 




STAIR BUILDING. I3 



PLATE V 



Exhibits the plan of a round rail Ofi a four-inch cylinder^ at 
the starting of the second flight. 

To find the length of curve required for the easing or 
wreath : Square up from A to B equal one riser ; from the 
point B, draw the common pitch ; set up from A to C equal 
half the riser, and the rise of the rail from the riser to the 
point to bore for the baluster for the centre of level rail ; 
draw D R parallel to B A, and R P equal R A. Then A P 
equals the length of curve required. 

To find the vertical and horizontal sides of the wreath : 
Fit a piece to the angle of the tangents R A and R P, Fig. i ; 
square over on the side R P ; draw the pitch D B on the 
side R A ; cut to the marks ; apply the bevel to" the sides 
for the angles required. 

To draw the mould, Fig. 3 : Square up from A to B equal 
A D, Fig. I ; from the point B as a centre, with B J, Fig. 2, 
as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in 2 and 3 ; 
place pins in the points ; by the use of thread or cord and 
pencil, describe the centre curve. 

To find the length of curve and point of contact : From 
the point C as a centre, with B S, Fig. 2, as a radius, describe 
an arc cutting the curve in. the point D. 

To find the direction of the straight rail : From the points 
C and D as centres, with A R, Fig. i, and D B, Fig. 2, as 
radii, describe arcs cutting each other in N ; join C N 
and N D the direction required ; set off each way from C 
and B equal half the width of rail ; from the points, describe 
the outside and inside curves. 



I'late G 




SRAIR BUILDING. 15 



PLATE VI 

Exhibits the plan of a round rail for a platfor7n stairs^ on a 
four-inch cylinder. 

To draw the elevation of the tangents : Square up from 
A to C equal the riser ; from the points B and C draw the 
common pitch to S and R. 

To find the vertical and horizontal sides of the wreath : 
Fit a piece to the angle of the tangents F H D, Fig. i ; draw 
the pitch B S on the side D H, and the pitch S P on the side 
H F ; cut to the marks ; apply the bevel to the sides for the 
angles required. 

To draw the mould, Fig. 3 : Square up from A to B equal 
C D, Fig. I ; set off from A to L, and from B to 2 and 3 
equal P J, Fig. 2 ; place pins in the points 2 and 3 ; by the 
use of thread or cord and pencil, describe the centre curve. 

To find the point of contact and the length of curve : 
From the point A as a centre, with S P as a radius, describe 
an arc cutting the curve in D ; from the point D as a centre, 
with N P as a radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in C. 
Then D is the point of contact, and D C the length required. 

To find the direction of the straight rail : From the points 
D and C as centres, with B S and P S, Fig. 2, as radii, 
describe arcs cutting each other in H ; join C H and H D 
for the direction required ; set off each w^ay from B and L 
equal half the width of rail ; from the points, describe the 
outside and inside curves. 



I>late •? 




STAIR BUILDING. I7 

PLATE VII 

Exhibits a plan for turnout at the starting of a staircase. 

To draw the elevation of the tangents P J L, Fig. i : 
Square up from the riser and intersection of the tangents L 
and J indefinitely ; from the point D, draw the common 
pitch D C ; Set up from A to B equal the difference in the 
heights of the newel-post and the short baluster, less or 
minus the rise of the common pitch from the riser to the 
point to bore for the baluster ; join B C. Then BCD 
equals the elevation required. 

To draw the mould, Fig. 3 : Square up from C to D equal 
H P, Fig. I ; from the point D as a centre, with D N, Fig. i, 
as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in the points 
2 and 3 ; place pins in the points ; by the use of thread or 
cord and pencil, describe the centre curve. 

To find the point of contact : From the point D as a cen- 
tre, with Y S, Fig. I, as a radius, describe an arc ; from the 
point C tangent, to the arc, draw C S, cutting the curve in 
S, the point required. 

To find the length of curve : From the point S as a cen- 
tre, with D R, Fig. i, as a radius, describe an arc cutting the 
curve in B, the length required. 

To find the direction of the straight rail : From the points 
S and B as centres, with B C and D C, Fig. i, as radii, 
describe arcs cutting each other in L ; draw B L, and L S 
the direction required ; set off each way from D equal half 
the width of rail ; also from the points 2 and 3 for pins to 
describe the outside and inside curves. 

To find the vertical sides of the wreath : Fit a piece to the 
angle of the tangents J P and J L, Fig. i ; draw the pitch 
B C on the side P J, and the pitch C D on the side J L ; cut 
to the marks ; apply the bevel as shown in Fig. 2. 
3 



IPlate 8 




STAIR BUILDING. I9 



PLATE VIII 

Exhibits the pla?i of a quarter cylinder at the landing. 

To find the length of curve required for the easing : Draw 
the common pitch from the point B indefinitely ; set up from 
L to S equal half the riser ; from the point S, draw the cen- 
tre of level rail, cutting the pitch in R ; draw R P parallel 
to B D, and P J equal P D. Then D J equals the length of 
curve required. ' • 

To find the vertical and horizontal sides of the easing : 
Fit a piece to the angle of the tangents D P J ; square over 
on the side P J ; draw the pitch R B on the side P D ; cut 
to the marks ; apply the bevel as shown in Fig. 2. 

To draw the mould for the easing, Fig. 3 : Square up from 
C to P equal C D, Fig. i ; set off from C to R, and from P 
to 2 and 3 equal B N, Fig. i ; with pins in the points 2 and 
3, by the use of thread or cord and pencil, describe the cen- 
tre curve. From the point R as a centre, with B F, Fig. i, 
as a radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in L, the point 
of contact. From the points R and L as centres, with J P 
and B R, Fig. i, as radii, describe arcs cutting each other 
in S ; join R S and S L ; set off each way from P equal half 
the width of rail. The bevel applied to the width of rail 
determines the width of mould at R. 



Plate 9 




SCALE 1J IN. =1 FT 



STAIR BUILDING. 21 



PLATE IX 

Exhibits a plaii of handi'ail for platform stairs ; the steps 
placed in the cyHnder. 

To draw the elevation of the tangents : Square up from 
C and B indefinitely ; from the point D draw the common 
pitch cutting the line from C in P ; set up from P to L equal 
the riser ; join P L. 

To draw the elliptic curve for the centre of the mould, 
Fig. 3 : Square up from A to B equal N J, Fig. i ; from the 
point B as a centre, with S R, Fig. 2, as a radius, describe 
arcs cutting the major axis in 2 and 3 ; with pins in the 
points, by the use of thread or cord and pencil, describe the 
centre curve ; from the point A as a centre, with P S, Fig. 2, 
as a radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in D ; from 
the point D as a centre, with S T, Fig. 2, as a radius, 
describe an arc cutting the curve in C ; from the points C 
and D as centres, with D P and S P, Fig. 2, as radii, 
describe arcs cutting each other in H ; join C H and D H ; 
set off each way from B equal half the width of rail ; from 
the points describe the outside and inside curves. 

To find the vertical and horizontal sides of the wreath : 
Fit a piece to the angle of the tangents F C J, Fig. i ; draw 
the pitch D P on the side F C, the pitch P S on the side C 
J ; cut to the marks ; apply the bevel as shown in Fig. 4. 



IPlate lO 




SCALE 1 IN. = 1 FOOT 



STAIR BUILDING. 23 



PLATE X 

Exhibits a plan for turnouts^ at the starting of stairs and 
stoops. 

To draw the elevation of the rail : Square up from A C 
and D, Fig. i, indefinitely ; draw R L the common pitch, 
and R S at right angles to R D. 

To find the elliptic curve for the centre of the mould, Fig. 
3 : Set up from A to B equal A N, Fig. i ; from the point 
B as a centre, with L T, Fig. 2, as a radius, describe arcs 
cutting the major axis in the points 2 and 3 ; with pins in 
the points, and by the use of thread or cord and pencil, 
describe the centre curve ; set up from A to C equal N C, 
Fig. I. From the point as a centre, with L R bisected as 
a radius, describe arcs cutting the curve in D and Y ; join 
C Y and C D the direction of straight rail ; D Y should 
equal L P, Fig. 2 ; set off each way from B equal half the 
width of rail ; from the points describe the outside and 
inside curves. 

To find the angle to bevel the plank for the vertical sides 
of the wreath : Fit a piece to the angle of the tangents A 
C J, Fig. I ; draw the pitch R L, Fig. 2, on the sides ; cut 
to the marks ; apply the bevel to the sides for the angle 
required. 



I^late 11 




SCALE 1 IN. = 1 FOOT 



STAIR BUILDING. 2$ 



PLATE XI. 



Fig. I exhibits a plan of winders, at the starting of the 
stairs, the wreath in one piece forming its own easing at the 
newel post. 

To draw the elevation of handrail : Set up from A to 5 
equal five risers ; place the pitch-board ; draw the common 
pitch and the easing to the point B ; set up from the step to 
centre of rail at the newel post, equal the difference in 
height of post and short baluster, minus the rise of the com- 
mon pitch from the riser to the point to bore for the balus- 
ter ; join B C, the pitch and length of tangents required for 
the mould. 

To find the angles to form the wreath : Fit a piece to the 
tangents S N, S A and A D, Fig. i ; draw the pitch C B on 
the sides S N and S A ; cut to the marks ; apply the bevel 
to the sides A D and S N for the angles required. 

To draw the mould, Fig. 3 : Square up from C to D and 
S, equal P S and P N, Fig i ; from the point D as a centre, 
with B J as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in 
the points 2 and 3 ; place pins in the points, and by the use 
of thread or cord and pencil, describe the centre curve. 
From the points C and S as centres, with B R as radius, 
describe arcs cutting each other in H ; join S H, the tan- 
gent ; set off each way from D equal half the width of rail ;: 
from the points describe the outside and inside curves. Cut 
the plank parallel to the centre curve 3-16 inch wider than 
the rail ; the joints at right angles to the tangent and face of 
plank. 



Flate IS 




STAIR BUILDING. 27 

PLATE XII 
JExhibits a plan of stairs zvith winders at the starting ; the 
curve described from centres of unequal radii ; the wreath 
. in one piece. 

To draw the elevation of the tangents A B, B C and C D, 
Fig. I : Set up from step to pitch board equal four risers ; from 
the point draw the common pitch 4 S ; set up from E to F equal 
the difference in the heights of the newel and the short 
baluster, minus the rise of the common pitch from the riser to 
the point to bore for the baluster ; join S F ; parallel to S F 
•draw 4 L ; square over from* L to H ; join S H and H P. 
Then P H equals the elevation of A B, H S equals the 
■elevation of B C, and S 4 equals the elevation of C D, Fig. i. 

To draw the mould, Fig. 3 : Square up from C to D and 
J equal P N R, Fig. i ; from the point J as a centre, with S 
H, Fig. 2, as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis 
in 2 and 3, the points for pins ; and by the use of thread or 
•cord and pencil, describe the curve from the point J ; set off 
from J to N equal R S, Fig. 2 ; from the point N as a cen- 
tre, with S 4 as a radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in 
•S ; join N S ; from the point S as a centre, with L 4, Fig. 2, 
as a radius, describe an arc cutting the major axis in L ; 
from the point J as a centre, with D L as a radius, describe 
arcs cutting the major axis in the points 4 and 5 for pins to 
■describe the curve J L ; set off each way from J equal half 
the width of rail ; from the points describe the outside and 
inside curves. 

To find the angles to bevel the plank for the vertical sides 
of the wreath : Fit a piece to the angles of the tangents. 
Fig. I ; draw the pitch 4 S on the side D C, and the pitch S 
H on the side C B ; cut to the marks ; apply the bevel to 
the sides A B and D C for the angles required. 



I»late 13 




STAIR BUILDING. 29 



PLATE XIII. 

Fig. I exhibits the pla7i and elevation of handrail for a 
quarter platform stairs. 

To draw the elevation : Square up from A B and L indefi- 
nitely ; set up from S to D equal the height of riser, and 
from E to F equal half the height of riser ; extend the pitch 
from D to H ; join H F. 

To find the angles to form the wreath : Fit a piece to the 
tangents ABC, Fig. i ; draw the pitch D H on the side 
A B, and the pitch H F on the side B C ; cut to the marks, 
and apply the bevels as shown at Fig. 2. 

To draw the mould, Fig. 3 : Square up from A to B equal 
S A, Fig. I ; set off from A to L, and from B to 2 and 3 
equal D J, Fig. i ; place pins in the points 2 and 3 ; by the 
use of a thread or cord and pencil, describe the elliptical 
curve B L for the centre of the mould ; square over from 
A B to C equal D H ; draw the tangent C D equal H F, 
Fig. I. 

To find the width of the mould at B : Apply the bevel to 
the width of the rail ; place pins and draw the outside and 
inside curves. Cut the plank to a parallel width, three- 
sixteenths wider than the rail ; the joints at right angles to 
the tangents and face of plank. 



Flate 14 




STAIR BUILDING. 3I 



PLATE XIV 

Exhibits the plaii for a quarter platform stairs. 

To continue the common pitch in the wreath : Set off 
from the centre of rail A, to B and C equal half the width 
of step to face of risers. 

To draw the mould, Fig. 3 : Square up from A to J equal 
E D, Fig. I ; from the points A and J as centres, with L P, 
Fig. 2, as a radius, describe arcs cutting each other in C and 
D*; then C D should equal L I, Fig. 2. Set up from A to 
B equal E S, Fig. i ; from the point B as a centre, with L R, 
Fig. 2, as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in 
the points 2 and 3 ; place pins, and by the use of thread or 
cord and pencil, describe the centre curve. Set off each 
way from B equal half the width of rail ; from the points 
describe the outside and inside curves. 

To find the vertical angle to bevel the plank for the 
wreath : Fit a piece to the angle of the tangents A D and 
A E, Fig. I ; draw the pitch L P on the sides ; cut to the 
marks ; apply the bevel for the angle required. 



I>late 15 




STAIR BUILDING. 35 



PLATE XV. 



Fig. I exhibits the plaji for a?i obtuse-angled staircase, at 
the landing. 

To find the length of curve required for the easing : Draw 
the common pitch A B ; set up from C to D equal half the 
riser ; from the point D, draw the centre of level rail ; draw 
B F parallel to A E, and F H equal F E, the angle required; 
join H A equal the radius, and H E equal the length of 
curve. 

To find the vertical angles to form the wreath : Fit a 
piece to the tangents E F H ; draw the pitch B C on the 
side F E ; square over on the side F H ; cut to the marks ; 
apply the bevel as shown at Fig. 2. 

To draw the mould, Fig. 3 : Square up from A to B equal 
A H, Fig. I ; set off from A to C, and from B to 2 and 3 
equal A J, Fig. i ; place pins in the points 2 and 3 ; by the 
use of thread or cord and pencil, describe the centre curve. 

To find the length of curve : From the point C as 
a centre, with A L, Fig, i, as a radius, describe an arc 
cutting the curve in S. 

To find the direction of straight rail : From the points C 
and S as centres, with H F and A B, Fig. i, as radii, 
describe arcs cutting each other in the point R ; join C R 
and R S, the direction required ; set off each way from B 
half the width of rail. The bevel applied to the width of 
rail equals the width of mould at the joint C. 



Plate 16 




SCALE 1 IN. = 1 FOOT, 



STAIR BUILDING. 35 



PLATE XVI. 

Fig. I exhibits the plan for an acute-angled platform stairs. 

To continue the common pitch in the tangents : Set off 
from A to B equal one and one-half step ; square up from 
A to 4 equal four risers ; from the points i and 4 draw the 
common pitch to the point D. 

To find the angles to bevel the plank for the wreath : Fit 
a piece to the angle of the tangents A B R, Fig. i ; draw 
the pitch I D on the side R B, and the pitch D 4 on the side 
B A ; cut to the marks ; apply the bevel to the sides for the 
angle required. 

To draw the mould, Fig. 3 : Square up from C indefi- 
nitely ; set up from C to S equal C D, Fig. i, and from S to 
R and P equal J 4, Fig. 2, bisected ; from the points R and 
P as centres, with D 4, Fig. 2, as radius, describe arcs cut- 
ting each other in L ; draw L P and L R the direction of 
straight rail ; set up from C to D equal C A, Fig. i ; from 
the point D as a centre, with S 4, Fig. 2, as a radius, describe 
arcs cutting the major axis in the points 2 and 3 for pins, 
and by the use of thread or cord and pencil, describe the 
centre curve ; set off each way from D equal half the width 
of rail ; from the points describe the outside and inside 
curves. 



riate 17 




STAIR BUILDING. 37 



PLATE XVII. 

Fig. I exhibits the plan of an obtuse-angled platform stairs. 

To draw the elevation of the handrail : Set up from A to 
B equal two (2) risers ; draw the common pitch D C and 
B C ; from the point of intersection, draw C S parallel to 
B A, and S R equal S A. 

To find the angle to bevel the plank for the wreath : Fit 
a piece to the tangents A S R, Fig. i ; draw the pitch C D 
on the side S R, and the pitch C B on the side S A ; cut to 
marks ; apply the bevel for the angle required. 

To draw the mould for the wreath, Fig. 3 : Square up 
from A to L and J, equal LPS, Fig. i ; set off from L to 
R and D equal N B, Fig. 2, bisected ; draw J R and J D 
the direction of straight rail ; set up from A to B equal L A, 
Fig. I ; from the point B as a centre, with F B, Fig. 2, as a 
radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in 2 and 3 ; 
place pins in the points ; by the use of thread or cord and 
pencil, describe the centre curve ; set off each way from B 
equal half the width of rail ; from the points describe the 
outside and inside curves. 



r»late 18 




STAIR BUILDING. 39 



PLATE XVIII 

Exhibits a quarter circle of winding stairs. 

To draw the elevation of the handrail : Set up from A to 
B equal five risers ; from the points B and C, draw the com- 
mon pitch ; from th^ pitch as tangents, describe the easings ; 
join C B tangent to the easings. 

To find the angle to bevel the plank in the joints : Fit a 
piece to the tangents DSP; draw the pitch R N on the 
sides ; cut to the marks ; apply the bevel as shown in Fig. 2. 

To draw the mould, Fig. 3 : Square up from C to D and 
L, equal D S and D P, Fig. i ; from the points C and L as 
centres, with R B bisected as a radius, describe arcs cutting 
each other in P and R ; then P R should equal R J ; join 
L R and L P ; extend L P to N equal R T, Fig. i ; from 
the point D as a centre, with R L, Fig. i, as a radius, 
describe arcs cutting the major axis in 2 and 3 ; with pins 
in the points, and by the use of thread or cord and pencil, 
describe the curve P D R ; set off each way from D equal 
half the width of rail ; from the points describe the outside 
and inside curves. 



Flate 19 




STAIR BUILDING. 4! 



PLATE XIX 

Exhibits a quarter circle of winders at the landing. 

To draw the elevation of rail : Set up from A to B equal 
four risers ; from the point C draw the common pitch and 
easing ; tangent to the easing draw C B ; set up from B to 
D equal half the riser, plus the rise of common pitch from 
the riser to the point to bore for baluster, as shown on the 
pitch-board. 

To draw the mould, Fig. 3 : Square up from C to D and 
L equal T S and T R, Fig. i ; draw L R and L B, equal 
L B, Fig. 2, bisected, and B R equal L P, Fig. 2 ; extend 
L B to N equal L J, Fig. 2 ; from the point D as a centre, with 
L N, Fig. 2, as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis 
in 2 and 3 ; with pins in the points, by the use of thread or 
cord and pencil, describe the curve B D R ; set off each 
way from D equal half the width of rail ; from the points 
describe the outside and inside curves. 



JPlate SO 



LEVEL RAIL 




STAIR BUILDING. 4$ 



PLATE XX 



Exhibits a plan of stairs with winders at the landi?ig. 

To draw the elevation of the rail : Set up from A to B 
-equal five risers, and from B to D equal half the riser, plus 
the rise of the common pitch from the riser to the point to 
bore for baluster ; bisect A B in Y ; square over to C ; join 
C D ; place the pitch-board ; draw the common pitch, also 
the easing ; tangent to the easing, draw F C. 

To draw the mould, Fig. 3 : Square up from A to B equal 
C D, Fig. I ; from the point B as a centre, with R S, Fig. 2, 
as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in 2 and 3 ; 
■with pins in the points, by the use of thread or cord, describe 
the centre curve ; from tlie point A as a centre, with P C, 
Fig. 2, as a radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in C ; 
from the point C as a centre, with R N, Fig. 2, as a radius, 
•describe an arc cutting the curve in J ; from the points C 
and J as centres, with P C and R C, Fig. 2, as radii, describe 
arcs cutting each other in L ; draw C L and L J extended to D, 
•equal P F, Fig. 2 ; set off each way from B equal* half the 
width of rail ; from the points draw the outside and inside 
•curves. 

To find the angles to bevel the plank for the wreath ; Fit 
a piece to the angle of the tangents H F D, Fig. i ; draw 
the pitch P C on the side H F, the pitch C R on the side 
F D ; cut to the marks ; apply the bevel to the sides for the 
angles required. 

To draw the mould for the upper wreath. Fig. 4 ; Draw 
A B equal R D, Fig. 2, and B C equal C D, Fig. i ; set off 
€ach way from A equal half the width of rail ; from the 
points describe the curves required. 



r»late 31 




I 



STAIR BUILDING. 45 



PLATE XXI 



JExhibits a continuation of of stairs with u inders at the land- 
ings to the starting of second flight. 

To draw the elevation of handrail : Square up from A to 
B equal five risers ; from the point B, draw the common 
pitch B C ; set up from S to J equal half the riser and the 
rise of the common pitch from the riser to the point to bore 
for the baluster ; join C J. 

To draw the mould for the lower wreath, Fig. 3 : Draw 
A B and B C equal R J and J P, Fig. 2 ; from the point A 
as a centre, describe the arc B 2 cutting the major axis in 
the point for pins to describe the centre curve ; set off each 
way from A equal half the width of rail ; from the points 
describe the outside and inside curves. 

To draw the mould for the upper wreath, Fig. 4 : Square 
up from A to B equal H D, Fig. i ; from the point B as a 
centre, with P C, Fig. 2, as a radius, describe arcs cutting 
the major axis in 2 and 3 ; with pins in the points, by the 
use of thread or cord and pencil, describe the centre curve ; 
from the point A as a centre, with C N, Fig. 2, as a radius, 
describe an arc cutting the curve in R ; from the point R 
as a centre, with P L, Fig. 2, as a radius, describe an arc 
cutting the curve in D ; draw R E equal P C, and D E equal 
N C, Fig. 2 ; set off each way from B equal half the width 
of rail ; from the points describe the outside and inside 
curves. 

To find the angles to bevel the plank for the wreath : Fit 
a piece to the angle of the tangents HDL, Fig. i ; draw 
the pitch P C on the side H D, and the pitch C N on the 
side D L ; cut to the marks ; apply the bevel to the sides 
for the angles required. 



Plate 2S 




STAIR BUILDING. 47 



PLATE XXII 

Exhibits a plan for platform stairs. For want of room at 
the landing of return flight, the step at the starting is placed 
in the cylinder. 

To draw the elevation of the handrail.: Set up from A to 
S equal one riser, and from R to B equal two risers ; from 
the points draw the common pitch to intersect the lines 
squared up from D and E. 

To draw the mould, Fig. 3 : Square up from A to B equal 
C S, Fig. I ; from the point B as a centre, with R L, Fig. 2,. 
as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in 2 and 3 ; 
with pins in the points, by the use of thread or cord and 
pencil, describe the centre curve ; from the point A as a 
centre, with R J, Fig. 2, as a radius, describe an arc cutting 
the curve in N ; from the point N as a centre, with R P, 
Fig. 2, as a radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in D ; 
from the points D and N as centres, with R J and S J as 
radii, describe arcs cutting each other in P ; set off each 
way from B equal half the width of rail ; from the points 
describe the outside and inside curves. 

To find the angles to bevel the plank for the wreath : Fit 
a piece to the angle of the tangents SDL, Fig. i ; draw the 
pitch S J on the side S D, the pitch J R on the side D L ; 
cut to the marks ; apply the bevel to the sides for the angles 
required. 



Flate 23 




STAIR BUILDING. 49 



PLATE XXIII 



Exhibits a quarter platform stairs^ placed one step below 
second floor. 

To draw the elevation of handrail : Set up from A to S 
equal one riser, from L to B equal three risers, and from B 
to C equal half the riser, plus the rise of the common pitch 
from the riser to the point to bore for the baluster ; draw 
S J the common pitch ; join J C. 

To draw the mould. Fig. 3 : Square up from A to B equal 
C Y, Fig. I ; from the point B as a centre, with R P, Fig. 2, 
as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in 2 and 3 ; 
with pins in the points, by the use of thread or cord and 
pencil, describe the centre curve ; from the point A as a 
centre, with S J, Fig. 2, as a radius, describe an arc cutting 
the curve in S ; from the point S as a centre, with R N, Fig. 
2, as a radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in D ; from 
the points D and S as centres, with S J and R J as radii, 
describe arcs cutting each other in C ; set off each way trom 
B equal half the width of rail ; from the points describe the 
outside and inside curves. 

To draw the mould. Fig. 4 : Set off from B to A and from 
B to C equal C D and D B, Fig. 2 ; the dotted curves from 
B cuts the major axis in the points for pins to describe the 
centre curve. 

To find the angles to bevel the plank for the wreath, Fig. 
3 : Fit a piece to the angle of the tangents D C Y, Fig. i ; 
•draw the pitch S J on the side D C, the pitch J R on the 
side C Y ; cut to the marks ; apply the bevel to the sides 
for the angles required. 



I'late 24 




STAIR BUILDING. 5 1 



PLATE XXIV 



Exhibits a plan of hajidrail for quarter platform stairs at 
the landing. 

To draw the elevation : Set up from A to P equal one 
riser, from D to R equal three risers, and from R to S equal 
half the riser, plus the rise of the common pitch from the 
riser to the point to bore for the baluster. 

To draw the mould, Fig. 3 : Square up from A to B equal 
C B, Fig. I ; from the point B as a centre, with L J, Fig. 2, 
as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in 2 and 3 ; 
with pins in the points, by the use of thread or cord and 
pencil, describe the centre curve ; from the point A as a 
centre, with P H, Fig. 2, as a radius, describe an arc cutting 
the curve in D ; from the point D as a centre, with L N, 
Fig. 2, as a radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in C ; 
from the points C and D as centres, with P H and L H as 
radii, describe arcs cutting each other in S ; set off each 
way from B equal half the width of rail ; from the points 
describe the outside and inside curves. 

To draw the mould, Fig. 4 : Set off from A to B and C 
equal L S and E S, Fig. 2 ; from the point B as a centre, 
describe an arc from A cutting the major axis in the points 
for pins to describe the centre curve. 

To find the angles to bevel the plank for the wreath, Fig. 
3 : Fit a piece to the angle of the tangents H B C, Fig. i ; 
draw the pitch P H on the side H B, and the pitch H L on 
the side B C ;■ cut to the marks ; apply the bevel to the sides 
for the angles required. 



I»late So 




STAIR BUILDING. 53 



PLATE XXV 



Exhibits the plan for a quarter circle of winders and plat- 
form. 

To draw the elevation of the handrail : From the point J 
draw the common pitch and easing ; set up from A to B 
equal five risers ; from the point B draw B D, the common 
pitch, and D J tangent to the easing. 

To draw the mould, Fig. 3 : Square up from A to R and 
B equal L T and L N, Fig. i ; from the points A and B as 
centres, with S E, Fig. 2, bisected, describe arcs cutting each 
other in C and D ; from the point R as a centre, with E C, 
Fig. 2, as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in 2 
and 3 ; with pins in the points, by the use of thread or cord 
and pencil, describe the centre curve ; set off each way from 
R equal half the width of rail ; from the points describe the 
outside and inside curves ; extend B D equal S J, Fig. 2. 

To draw the mould, Fig. 4 : Square up from C to B equal 
L T, Fig. I ; from the point B as a centre, with E F, Fig. 2, 
as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in 2 and 3 ; 
with pins in the points, by the use of thread or cord and 
pencil, describe the centre curve ; draw C J equal B D, and 
J D equal E H, Fig. 2 ; from the paints J and D as centres, 
with E D and B D, Fig. 2, as radii, describe arcs cutting 
each other in P ; set off each way from B equal half the 
width of rail ; from the points describe the outside 'and 
inside curves. 

To find the angles to bevel the plank : Fit a piece to the 
angle of the tangents N T L, Fig. i ; draw the pitch E D 
on the side L T, and the pitch D B on the side T N ; cut to 
the marks ; apply the bevel to the sides for the angles 
required. 



Flate 36 




STAIR BUILDING. 55 



PLATE XXVI 

JExhibiis a plan of ivindhig stairs at the landijig. 

To draw the elevation of the rail : Draw the common 
pitch and easing ; set up from A to B equal five risers ; draw 
B P tangent to the easing ; set up from B to C equal half 
the riser, plus the rise of the common pitch from the riser to 
the point to bore for the baluster. 

To draw the mould, Fig. 3 : Square up from A to J and 
B equal C D and C J, Fig. i ; draw B C and B D equal S J, 
Fig. 2, bisected, and C D equal J R, Fig. 2 ; from the point 
J as a centre, with J H, Fig. 2, as a radius, describe arcs 
cutting the major axis in 2 and 3 ; with pins in the points, 
by the use of thread or cord and pencil, describe the centre 
curve ; set off each way from J equal half the width of rail ; 
from the points describe the outside and inside curves 
extend B C to L equal S P, Fig. 2 ; then L D equals the 
length of lower wreath, and C D the length of upper wreath. 

To find the angle to bevel the plank : Fit a piece to the 
angle of the tangents C D J, Fig. i ; draw the pitch S C on 
the sides ; cut to the marks, and apply the bevel for angle. 



Flate Sr 




SCALE H IN. = i FOOT 



STAIR BUILDING. 57 



PLATE XXVII 

Exhibits the plan for a scroll at the starting of the stairs. 

To draw the scroll : Describe the eye one inch wider than 
the rail ; divide the diameter into four equal parts ; sub- 
divide, as shown by the figures, for the points to describe 
the curves. 

To draw the elevation of the scroll : Square up from B to 
C ; draw the common pitch C D ; join D E. 

To draw the mould, Fig. 2 : Square up from A to B equal 
A R, Fig. I ; from the point B as a centre, with C J, Fig. i, 
as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in 2 and 3 ; 
with pins in the points, by the use of thread or cord and 
pencil, describe the centre curve ; from the point A as a 
centre, with C D as a radius, describe an arc cutting the 
curve in C ; from the point C as a centre, with C P, Fig. i, 
as a radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in D ; draw 
D J equal L D, and C J equal C D, Fig. i ; set off each way 
from B equal half the width of rail ; from the points 
describe the outside and inside curves. 

To find the angles to bevel the plank for the wreath : Fit 
a piece to the angles of the tangents R A B, Fig. i ; draw 
the pitch L D on the side R A, the pitch D C on the side 
A B ; cut to the marks ; apply the bevel to the sides for the 
angles required. 



Flate 28 




FIRST STEP \ 



SCALE 1 IN, = 1 FOOT 



STAIR BUILDING. 59 

PLATE XXVIII 

Exhibits a plan for half circle of winder at the starti7igj the 
curve drawn from centres of unequal radii. 

To draw the elevation of the tangents : Set up from the 
step to A equal the difference in the heights of newel and 
short baluster, minus the rise of the common pitch from the 
riser to the point to bore for baluster ; also from the step to 
B equal five risers ; draw the common pitch B C ; at right 
angles to C A, draw R P, Fig. i ; join P D. 

To draw the mould, Fig. 3 : Square up from the point C 
to L and J, equal C S and S P, Fig. i ; from the point J as 
a centre, with L N as a radius, describe arcs cutting the 
major axis in 2 and 3, the points for pins to describe the 
curve J N ; from the point J as a centre, with S T, Fig. 2, as 
a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in 4 and 5, the 
points for pins to describe the curve J D ; draw R D equal 
D S, Fig. 2 ; set off each way from J equal half the width 
of rail ; from the points describe the outside and inside 
curves. 

To draw the mould, Fig. 4 : Square up from A to B equal 
C P, Fig. I ; from the point B as a centre, with J R, Fig. 2, 
as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in 2 and 3, 
the points for pins to describe the centre curve ; from the 
point A as a centre, with J C, Fig. 2, as a radius, describe an 
arc cutting the curve in D ; from the point D as a centre, 
with J H, Fig. 2, as a radius, describe an arc cutting the 
curve in C ; draw D S equal S C, and C S equal J C, Fig. 2 ; 
extend S C for the direction and length of straight rail ; set 
off each way from B equal half the width of rail ; from the 
points draw the outside and inside curves. 

To find the angles to bevel the plank for the wreaths : Fit 
a piece to the angles of the tangents. Fig. i ; draw the 
pitches on the sides over which they are placed ; cut to the 
marks ; apply the bevel for the angles required. 



.Flate 29 




Fig.3 

SCALE I IN. = 1 FOOT 



STAIR BUILDINCx. 6l 



PLATE XXIX 



Exhibits a plan for circular stairs. 

To find the common pitch : Square up from the tangent 
E C to S equal four risers ; join S R, the pitch required. 

To draw the mould for the arc B C, Fig. i : Square up 
from A to C, Fig. 2, equal S E, Fig. i ; draw C D and C E 
equal S R bisected, and D E equal S Y ; set up from A to 
B equal S B, Fig. i ; from the point B as a centre, with S J 
as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in 2 and 3 ; 
with pins in the points, describe the centre curve ; set off 
each way from B half the width of rail ; from the points 
describe the outside and inside curves. 

To draw the elevation of the tangents ALB, Fig. i : 
Square up from B to J, Fig. 6, equal three risers ; set up 
from first step to P, equal the difference in the heights of 
the newel and short baluster ; draw J N the common pitch ; 
join N P. 

To draw the mould for the arc A B, Fig. i : Square up 
from A to B, Fig. 3, equal A L, Fig. i ; from the point B as 
a centre, with J C as a radius, describe arcs cutting the 
major axis in 2 and 3 ; with pins in the points, describe the 
centre curve ; from the point A as a centre, with P N as a 
radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in D ; from the 
point D as a centre, with J S, Fig. 6, as a radius, describe an 
arc cutting the curve in C ; draw C T equal P C, and D T 
equal J N, Fig. 6 ; set off each way from B equal half the 
width of rail ; from the points describe the outside and in- 
side curves. 

To draw the elevation of the tangent C H, Fig. r : Set up 
from C to D equal two and one-half risers, plus the rise of 



STAIR BUILDING. 63 

the common pitch from the riser to the point to bore for the 
baluster ; from the point D, square over for centre of level 
rail ; draw C Y the common pitch, Y H parallel to D C, and 
H R equal H C. 

To draw the mould for the arc C R, Fig. i : Square up 
from A to B, Fig. 4, equal S C, Fig. i ; from the point B as 
a centre, with C J, Fig. 5, as a radius, describe arcs cutting 
the major axis in > and 3 ; with pins in the points, describe 
the centre curve ; from the point D as a centre, with C P, 
Fig. 5, as a radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in E ; 
draw D L equal H R, Fig. i, and E L equal C Y, Fig. 5 ; 
set off each way from B equal half the width of rail ; from 
the points describe the outside and inside curves. 

To find the angles to bevel the plank for the wreaths : Fit 
a piece to the tangents ALB, Fig. i ; draw the pitch N J 
on the side L B, the pitch N P on the side L A ; cut to the 
marks ; apply the bevel to the sides for the angles required. 



I?late 30 




STAIR BUILDING. 65 



PLATE XXX 

^Exhibits the plan of circular stairs cotitinued to the starting of 
secofid flight. 

To find the common pitch : Square up from A to B equal 
two risers ; join B C the pitch required ; set up from A to 
D equal three and one-half risers ; draw D E parallel to 
B C, and the tangent E F equal E A ; then A F equals the 
length of curve required for the mould. 

To draw the mould, Fig. 3 : Square up from A to B equal 
A C, Fig. I ; from the point B as a centre, with D J, Fig. 2, 
as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in 2 and 3 ; 
with pins in the points, and by the use of thread or cord and 
pencil, describe the centre curve ; from the point C as a 
centre, with P D, Fig. 2, as a radius, describe an arc cutting 
the curve in D ; draw D R equal D E, Fig. 2, and C R 
equal F E, Fig. i ; set off each way from B equal half the 
width of rail ; from the points describe the outside and 
inside curves ; cut the plank parallel to the centre curve, 
3-16 wider than the rail ; the joints at right angles to the 
tangents and face of plank. 

To find the angles to bevel the plank for the wreath : Fit 
a piece to the angle of the tangents A E F, Fig. i ; square 
over on the side E F ; draw the pitch E D on the side E A ; 
cut to the marks ; apply the bevel to the sides for the angles 
required. 



ria-te 31 




STAIR BUILDING. 67 



PLATE XXXI 

Exhibits the plan of an irregular elliptical staircase. 

To find the common pitch : Set up from A to B equal 
three and one-half risers ; join B C the pitch required. 

To draw the elevation of the tangents D L A : Set up 
from A to E equal two risers ; draw E F the common pitch ; 
join F H. 

To draw the mould, Fig. 3 : Square up from C to D equal 
D L, Fig. I ; from the point D as a centre, with E R, Fig. 2, 
as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in 2 and 3 ; 
with pins in the points, by the use of thread or cord and 
pencil, describe the centre curve ; from the point C as a 
centre, with H F, Fig. 2, as a radius, describe an arc cutting 
the curve in S ; from the point S as a centre, with E S, Fig, 
2, as a radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in P ; from 
the points P and S as centres, with H F and E F, Fig. 2, 
as radii, describe arcs cutting each other in J ; set off each 
way from D equal half the width of rail ; from the points 
describe the outside and inside curves ; extend the wreath 
at P equal half the depth of rail. 

To find the angles to bevel the plank for the wreath : Fit 
a piece to the angle of the tangents D L A, Fig. i ; draw 
the pitch H F on the side D L, and F E on the side L A ; 
cut to the marks ; apply the bevel to the sides for the angles 
required. 



T»late 32 




SCALE I IN. = 1 FOOT 



STAIR BUILDING. 69 



PLATE XXXII. 

PLATE XXXI CONTINUED. 

To find the elevation of the tangents A C N, Fig. i, and 
the common pitch : Set off from P to H equal the tangents 
A C and N C ; square up from P to S equal seven risers ; 
join H S, the elevation and common pitch required. 

To find the major axis of the elliptical curve for the centre- 
of the mould : Set off from P to J equal A N ; join J S, cut- 
ting the tangent A C in R ; then S R equals half the length 
of major axis, and S J equals the length of curve required. 

To draw the mould, Fig. 2 : Square up from L to D equal 
P C, Fig. I ; draw D R and D P equal H S bisected, and 
R P equal J S, Fig. i ; set up from L to N equal P A, Fig. 
I ; from the point N as a centre, with S R, Fig. i, as a 
radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in 2 and 3 ; with 
pins in the points, describe the centre curve ; set off each 
way from N equal half the v/idth of rail ; from the points 
describe the outside and inside curves. 

To find the angle to bevel the plank to form the wreath : 
Fit a piece to the angle of the tangents A C N, Fig. i ; draw 
the common pitch on the sides ; cut to the marks ; apply 
the bevel for the angle required. 



T>late 33 




STAIR BUILDING. 7 1 



PLATE XXXIII. 

PLATE XXXII CONTINUED. 

To draw the elevation of the tangent L F : Square up 
from L to B equal three and one-half risers ; join D B the 
■common pitch ; set up from L to R equal two and one-half 
risers, plus the rise of the rail from the riser to the point to 
bore for the baluster ; square over for the centre of level 
rail ; draw L S parallel to D B, S F parallel to R L, and F H 
equal F L. 

To draw the mould, Fig. 3 : Square up from D to C equal 
C L, Fig. I ; from the point C as a centre, with L J, Fig. 2, 
as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in 2 and 3 ; 
with pins in the points, by the use of thread or cord and 
pencil, describe the centre curve ; from the point L as a 
centre, with L P, Fig. 2, as a radius, describe an arc cutting 
the curve in R ; draw R J equal L S, Fig. 2, and L J equal 
F H, Fig. I ; set off each way from C equal half the width 
of rail ; from the points describe the outside and inside 
curves. 

To find the angles to bevel the plank for the wreath : Fit 
a piece to the angle of the tangents L F H ; square over on 
the side F H ; draw the pitch S L on the side F L ; cut to 
the marks ; apply the bevel to the sides for the angles 
required. 



Plate 34 




STAIR BUILDING. 73 



PLATE XXXIV 



Exhibits the elliptical staircase continued to the starting of 
second flight. 

To find the common pitch : Extend C A to D ; set up 
from A to B equal three and one-half risers ; join B D the 
pitch required ; draw D E tangent to the curve R E, F R 
tangent to the curve A R, F H parallel to D B, and F N at 
right angles to F A. 

To draw the mould, Fig. 2 : Square up from A to B equal 
S A, Fig. I ; from the point B as a centre, with H J, Fig. i, 
as a radius, describe arcs cutting the major axis in 2 and 3 ; 
with pins in the points, by the use of thread or cord and 
pencil, describe the centre curve ; from the point A as a 
centre, with F R, Fig. i, as a radius, describe an arc cutting 
the curve in D ; from the point D as a centre, with B L, Fig. 
I, as a radius, describe an arc cutting the curve in C ; from 
the points D and C as centres, with B N and R F, Fig. i, as 
radii, describe arcs cutting each other in L ; extend D L to 
R equal N D, Fig. i. 

To extend the mould from the point R to E, Fig. i : From 
the points D and R as centres, with B P and E D, Fig. i, as 
radii, describe arcs cutting each other in S ; join R S ; draw 
S 4 at right angles to S R, and C 4 at right angles to A D ; 
from the point 4 as a centre, describe the curve C S ; set off 
each way from B equal half the .width of rail ; from the 
points describe the outside and inside curves. 

To find the angles to bevel the plank for the wreath : Fit 
a piece to the angle of the tangents A D E, Fig. t ; square 
over on the side D E ; draw the pitch D B on the side D A; 
cut to the marks ; apply the bevel to the sides for the angles 
required. 



r»late 35 



LEVEL RAIL 




SCALE 1j IN. = 1 FOOT 



STAIR BUILDING. 75 



PLATE XXXV 

Exhibits a plan of stairs at the landing. 

To draw the elevation of the handrail : Place the step 
A B ; from the point A, draw the pitch A C and the floor ; 
set up from the floor to the centre of level rail, equal half 
the riser B C, and the rise of the rail from the riser to the 
point to bore for the baluster on the common pitch ; draw 
D F parallel to C B, and J S at right angles to J F ; then 
R J equals the length of curve required for the mould. 

To find the angles to form the wreath : Fit a piece to the 
tangents R F and F J, Fig. i ; draw the pitch of the rail on 
the side R F ; square over on the side F J ; cut to the 
marks ; apply the bevel, as shown in Fig. 2. 

To draw the mould, Fig. 3 : Square up from A to B equal 
S R, Fig. I ; set off from A to C, and from B to 2 and 3 
equal N H ; place pins in the points 2 and 3, and by the use 
of a thread or cord and pencil, describe the centre curve. 

To find the length of curve and point of contact : Set up 
from C to D equal L J, Fig. i ; set off from D to R equal 
N E, Fig. I ; square up from D to S equal J F, Fig. i ; join 
S R, and extend for the straight rail ; set off from B each 
way half the width of the rail ; the bevel applied to the 
width of the rail determines the width of the mould at D 
and R. 



I>late 36 




STAIR BUILDING. 77 



PLATE XXXVI 

Exhibits a plan of stairs at the starting of second flight. 

To draw the elevation of the handrail : Place the step 
A B ; set up from the floor to centre of level rail, equal half 
the riser, and the rise of the rail from the riser to the point 
to bore for. the baluster ; square up from Y to C ; draw the 
tangent C D equal C R ; join D S at right angles to D C ; 
then R D equals the length of curve required for the mould. 

To find the angles required to form the wreath : Fit a 
piece to the angle of the tangents R C and C D, Fig. i ; 
draw the pitch on the side C R ; square over on the side 
C D ; cut to the marks ; apply the bevel, as shown at Fig. 2. 

To draw the mould, Fig. 3 : Square up from the point A 
to B equal S R, Fig. i ; set off from A to C, and from B to 
2 and 3, equal P J, Fig. i ; place pins in the points 2 and 3, 
and by the use of the thread or cord and pencil, describe 
the centre curve. 

To find the length and point of contact : From the point 
C as centre, with P L, Fig. i, as radius, describe an arc cut- 
ting the curve in N, the point of contact and length required. 

To find the direction of straight rail : draw C J equal 
C D, and N J equal P Y, Fig. i ; set off each way from B 
half the width of the rail ; the bevel applied to the width 
of the rail determines the width of the mould at C. 



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